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Published: 10 May 2025

Last Updated: 10 May 2025

This is from a PhD dissertation in Hindi, submitted to a university from Jhansi in 1989.

Does dissertation continue with discussion of various facets of Hindi prosody (including Urdu, sometimes) with many examples from the lyrics of Hindi film songs. He does include songs from other languages sometimes. He continues of the discussion of more Alankars and Rasas.

Another interesting discussion is about Nayika Bhed (or Heroine Types) in Hindi and Sanskrit literature. Depending on the source consulted the number ranges from 8 to 12. The candidate for phd considers the following main types.

Svakeeyaa (Hero's own significant other)

Mugdhaa (The enchanted one)

Navodhaa (The young and inexperienced one)

Vaasakasajjaa (The one who is dressed up for Union)

Parakeeyaa (The one involved with another)

Lubhitaa (The one overcome with intense desire)

Abhisaarikaa (The one who is in meeting or planning to meet her lover)

Proshitatapitakaa (The one who is sad because her lover is or has gone away)

Aagabhishyatpatikaa (The onw is happy that her lover has returned or returning)

    Svakeeya

Tumhee mere mandir, tumhee meri pooja, tumhee devtaa ho.

    Mugdhaa

Jaane kyaa toone kahee,
jaane kyaa maine sunee,
baat kuchh ban hee gayee.

    Navodhaa

A. Sainyaa ne ungalee marodee re, Raam kasam sharmaa gaee main.
Mokaa bulaavai joraa-joree re, Raam kasam sharmaa gaee main.

B. Ab aaee kaisee umariyaa, laharaaye chunariyaa,
jhukee jhukee jaaye re najariyaa.

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Musing 2196. Nayika Bhed (Heroine Types)

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Published: 09 May 2025

Last Updated: 09 May 2025

This is from a PhD dissertation in Hindi, submitted to a university from Jhansi in 1989.

In Hindi poetry, Upma Alankar is a type of rhetorical device that involves drawing a comparison between two things, using words like "like" or "as," to highlight a similarity or shared characteristic. 

It's a form of simile.

Some examples follow:

Upmaa

1- Chaand si mahbooba ho meri, kab maine aisa socha tha.
2- Ban than ke main bhi le nikli, jaise saawan mein chamke bijli.
3- Kaari raina ke maathe pe chamke chaand si bindiya.
4- Tapasviyon si hain atal ye parvaton ki chotiyaan.
5- Khile phoolsi teri javaani, koi bataaye kahaan kasar hai.
6- Nainon mein amrit ke pyaale, tan neelgagan sa nirmal hai.
7- Chandra saa mukhda tha uska, chandra-mukhi tha naam.
8- Moti jaisa rang, rang mein ras ka saagar lahraaye.
9- Gaure gaure chaand se mukh par kaali kaali ankhen.
10- Lachke mori sutlisi jo kamariya.

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New DS-376

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Published: 08 May 2025

Last Updated: 08 May 2025

This is from a PhD dissertation in Hindi, submitted to a university from Jhansi in 1989.

In Hindi, Rupak Alankar is a figure of speech where the "subject" is directly identified as the "comparison" without using words like "like" or "as."

The English equivalent is metaphor.

A short sample of examples from the dissertation

Rupak

1- Dooba jab dil ka naiyya saamne the kinaare.
2- Karti jyoti amrit se sinchan, mangal ghar ghar ke
jyoti Yashoda, dharti gaiya, neel gagan Gopal
Kanhaiya, shyaamal chhavi halki.
3- Mere praanon ka hee gunjan tum man-mayur ho mere.
4- Preeti-dulhan saji man mein, shehanaai baji hai.
5- Dukh ki nadiya jeevan naiyya, aasha ke patvaar lag.
6- Kaahe chhalke nainon ki gagri kaahe barse jal.
7- Chhand gai jeevan-dhan, praanon ko phir baandh virah ke bandhan me man maavan.
8- Jeevan-nadiya bahti jaaye shaam savere bepahchaana.
9- Chhand jagat ko jogi vanajaa odh ke preeti-dushaala.
10- Haay! toree-nazar ka deewana nishaana hoon main.

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New DS-375